In. William James, one of the preeminent philosophers of religious experience & spirituality termed the general critique of religious experience by Science as the "Survival Theory". see). Margaret A. Burkhardt and Mary Gail Nagai-Jacobson. Stroud, Barry. [110] Not all modern notions of spirituality embrace transcendental ideas. [web 5] Following Schleiermacher,[31] an individual's intuition of truth was taken as the criterion for truth. One was the austere life of the hermit, as practiced by Anthony and his followers in lower Egypt. The collection now known as the Systematic Collection began to emerge a century later (AD500), and features sayings from the Alphabetic Collection and the Anonymous Sayings, combined and systematically ordered under twenty-one chapters. (2010). They are strong adherents to the principal of tolerance, peace and against any form of violence. With the title "Religion and Science," Einstein distinguished three human impulses which develop religious belief: fear, social or moral concerns, and a cosmic religious feeling. EzineArticles.com allows expert authors in hundreds of niche fields to get massive levels of exposure in exchange for the submission of their quality original articles. (1998), Jvanmukti in Transformation: Embodied Liberation in Advaita and Neo-Vedanta, State University of New York Press, Sawai, Y. '", "He (Evagrius) also said, 'A monk was told that his father had died. The term spiritual has frequently become used in contexts in which the term religious was formerly employed. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Hildegard of Bingen (German: Hildegard von Bingen; Latin: Hildegardis Bingensis; c. 1098 17 September 1179), also known as Saint Hildegard and the Sibyl of the Rhine, was a German Benedictine abbess and polymath active as a writer, composer, philosopher, mystic, visionary, and as a medical writer and practitioner during the High Middle Ages. In A Woman Rides the Beast, he identified the Roman Catholic Church as the Whore of Babylon from the prophecies in chapters 17 and 18 of the Book of Revelation. The Eastern Orthodox Church, also called the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 220 million baptized members. The union of the two natures has not resulted in their diminution or mixture; rather, the identity of each is believed to have been preserved. [32] It has been influential on modernist streams in several Asian religions, notably Neo-Vedanta, the revival of Theravada Buddhism, and Buddhist modernism, which have taken over modern western notions of personal experience and universalism and integrated them in their religious concepts. Contemporary Challenges to Eternal Punishment, The Immutability and Impassibility of God, The Omnipotence, Omniscience, and Omnipresence of God, Divine Revelation: God Making Himself Known, Divine Incomprehensibility and the Knowledge of God, The Miraculous Gifts and the Question of Cessationism, The Witness of the Holy Spirit to Our Sonship, The Incarnation and Two Natures of Christ, Christ as Mediator: The Offices of Christ, Answering the Quests for the Historical Jesus, Christological Controversies in the Early Church, The Battle of the Will, Part 1: Pelagius and Augustine, The Battle of the Will, Part 2: Luther and Erasmus, The Battle of the Will, Part 3: Arminianism and the Synod of Dort, The Battle of the Will, Part 4: John Wesley and Jonathan Edwards. Moreover, theistic and atheistic critics alike dismiss the need for the "secular spirituality" label on the basis that it appears to be nothing more than obscurantism in that:[citation needed], Although personal well-being, both physical and psychological, is said[by whom?] [88][89] This state of samdhi has been compared to peak experience. The eastern monastic tradition at Mount Athos and the western Rule of St Benedict both were strongly influenced by the traditions that began in the desert. [19] Here as well, this notion of the divine is non-sectarian and non-institutional. [96] In Advaita Vedanta school, the spiritual practice emphasizes jna yoga in stages: samnyasa (cultivate virtues), sravana (hear, study), manana (reflect) and dhyana (nididhyasana, contemplate). [152], A few[quantify] religious leaders have shown openness to modern science and its methods. An important influence on western spirituality was Neo-Vedanta, also called neo-Hinduism[37] and Hindu Universalism,[web 7] a modern interpretation of Hinduism which developed in response to western colonialism and orientalism. The author, Arthur Bennet, was a Canon of St. Albans Cathedral, sometime Rector of Little Munden and Sacombe, Hertfordshire, and was for seventeen years a tutor in Biblical Theology and Christian Doctrine at All Nations Christian College. Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for ascetic, Nglish: Translation of ascetic for Spanish Speakers, Britannica English: Translation of ascetic for Arabic Speakers. [79][92] Other scholars[93] suggest that these Hindu spiritual practices are not mutually exclusive, but overlapping. It did not become a formal movement of specific practices until the fourteenth century Byzantine meditative prayer techniques, when it was more closely identified with the Prayer of the Heart, or "Jesus Prayer". [20] The earliest written reference to the practice of the Prayer of the Heart may be in a discourse collected in the Philokalia on Abba Philimon, a Desert Father. [29][30] The desert monastic communities that grew out of the informal gathering of hermit monks became the model for Christian monasticism. The man who can centre his thoughts and hopes upon something transcending self can find a certain peace in the ordinary troubles of life which is impossible to the pure egoist. Attend to your meditation in the fear of God, whether you are resting or at work. Inclusivism v. Exclusivism: Is Jesus the Only Way? From these prohibitions, it is recorded by Athanasius that Anthony received special privileges from God, such as the ability to heal the sick, inspire others to have faith in healing through God, and even converse with God on occasion. [97], Sikhism considers spiritual life and secular life to be intertwined:[98] "In the Sikh Weltanschauungthe temporal world is part of the Infinite Reality and partakes of its characteristics. A Biblical Response and The Reduction of Christianity. Sufism or taawwuf (Arabic: ) is defined by its adherents as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam. Giniger, Kenneth Seeman & Templeton, John. Severe and austere, for example, are two words that share with ascetic the basic meaning "given to or marked by strict discipline and firm restraint." stern stresses inflexibility and inexorability of temper or character. By the time Anthony had died in AD356, thousands of monks and nuns had been drawn to living in the desert following Anthony's example, leading his biographer, Athanasius of Alexandria, to write that "the desert had become a city. [8] Contemporary spirituality is also called "post-traditional spirituality" and "New Age spirituality". The same editors also recognised a number of anonymous sayings and tales of the Desert Fathers and Mothers that circulated popularly. "Spirituality" began to denote the mental aspect of life, as opposed to the material and sensual aspects of life, "the ecclesiastical sphere of light against the dark world of matter". Explore the Kindle Book Store for titles on Christianity, New Age, spirituality, bibles, Bestsellers, Hot New Releases, and more. [4] He followed the advice and made the further step of moving deep into the desert to seek complete solitude. [3] Sometime around AD270, Anthony heard a Sunday sermon stating that perfection could be achieved by selling all of one's possessions, giving the proceeds to the poor, and following Jesus. These principles have affected Jain culture in many ways, such as leading to a predominantly vegetarian lifestyle. Among other factors, declining membership of organized religions and the growth of secularism in the western world have given rise to this broader view of spirituality. An inner spiritual struggle and an outer physical struggle are two commonly accepted meanings of the Arabic word jihad:[61] The "greater jihad" is the inner struggle by a believer to fulfill his religious duties. [40] This universalism was further popularised, and brought back to the west as neo-Vedanta, by Swami Vivekananda. Etymology. Fehring, R.J., Miller, J.F., Shaw, C. (1997). The third was a semi-hermitic lifestyle seen mostly in Nitria, Kellia and Scetis, west of the Nile, begun by Saint Amun. ", "Somebody asked Anthony, 'What shall I do in order to please God?' The conflict thesis, which holds that religion and science have been in conflict continuously throughout history, was popularized in the 19th century by John William Draper's and Andrew Dickson White's accounts. 99. The book and film have been criticized not only by Mormons themselves as inaccurate portrayals of their religion but also as inaccurate by other non-Mormon groups that are critical of Mormonism. Ascetic. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ascetic. Small informal communities began developing, until the monk Pachomius, seeing the need for a more formal structure, established a monastery with rules and organization. Spirituality - Worship - Community. Spiritual. This collection contains about a thousand items.[30]. [web 5] They also endorsed universalist and Unitarianist ideas, leading to Unitarian Universalism, the idea that there must be truth in other religions as well, since a loving God would redeem all living beings, not just Christians. [76] Within this diffuse and open structure, spirituality in Hindu philosophy is an individual experience, and referred to as ksaitraja (Sanskrit: [77]). [9], Dave Hunt regularly spoke on Bible prophecy, including his book A Cup of Trembling which warned against the then-current peace process.[10]. It defines spiritual practice as one's journey towards moksha, awareness of self, the discovery of higher truths, true nature of reality, and a consciousness that is liberated and content. CBC archives - Canada's home for news, sports, lifestyle, comedy, arts, kids, music, original series & more. ", He also said, "Obedience with abstinence gives men power over wild beasts.". [22][need quotation to verify] In a Biblical context the term means being animated by God. CR Prasad, Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Editor: Knut Jacobsen (2010), Volume II, Brill. To accomplish this, the re-formation is oriented at a mold, which represents the original shape: in Judaism the Torah, in Christianity there is Christ, for Buddhism, Buddha, and in Islam, Muhammad. [121][unreliable source?] The solitude, austerity, and sacrifice of the desert was seen by Anthony as an alternative to martyrdom, which was formerly seen by many Christians as the highest form of sacrifice. Omissions? It involves initiation into the school, undergoing rituals, and achieving moksha liberation by experiencing union of cosmic polarities. Nuh Ha Mim Keller, "How would you respond to the claim that Sufism is Bid'a? ASA YouTube Channel; CSCA YouTube Channel; Brown Bag Lunches; Christian Environmental Worldviews - Red River Valley Chapter. Bikini, bourbon, and badminton were places first. Birmingham AL, Religious Education Press. [27], Ralph Waldo Emerson (18031882) was a pioneer of the idea of spirituality as a distinct field. McMahon. [84] Bhakti marga is a path of faith and devotion to deity or deities; the spiritual practice often includes chanting, singing and music such as in kirtans in front of idols, or images of one or more deity, or a devotional symbol of the holy. How to use a word that (literally) drives some pe Editor Emily Brewster clarifies the difference. For example, Chandogyopanishad suggests that those who engage in ritualistic offerings to gods and priests will fail in their spiritual practice, while those who engage in tapas will succeed; Svetasvataropanishad suggests that a successful spiritual practice requires a longing for truth, but warns of becoming 'false ascetic' who go through the mechanics of spiritual practice without meditating on the nature of Self and universal Truths. [117], Within spirituality is also found "a common emphasis on the value of thoughtfulness, tolerance for breadth and practices and beliefs, and appreciation for the insights of other religious communities, as well as other sources of authority within the social sciences."[137]. Furthermore, many of spirituality's core features are not unique to spirituality; for example, self-transcendence, asceticism and the recognition of one's connection to all were regarded by the atheist Arthur Schopenhauer as key to ethical life. [86][note 10] Rja marga is the path of cultivating necessary virtues, self-discipline, tapas (meditation), contemplation and self-reflection sometimes with isolation and renunciation of the world, to a pinnacle state called samdhi. [188] These results have motivated some leading theorists to speculate that spirituality may be a benign subtype of psychosis[166][web 14][189][190][191][192] benign in the sense that the same aberrant sensory perceptions that those suffering clinical psychoses evaluate as distressingly incongruent and inexplicable are instead interpreted by spiritual individuals as positive (personal and meaningful transcendent experiences). Fort, A.O. [19] The prayer's origin is also traced back to the Desert Fathersthe Prayer of the Heart was found inscribed in the ruins of a cell from that period in the Egyptian desert. Authors such as Chris Griscom and Shirley MacLaine explored it in numerous ways in their books. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! His regulations included discipline, obedience, manual labour, silence, fasting, and long periods of prayersome historians view the rules as being inspired by Pachomius' experiences as a Roman soldier. [45][46][web 8] It may involve practices ordained by halakhah or other practices. In traditional society prior to colonization and extensive introduction to Christianity or Islam, religion was the strongest element in society influencing the thinking and actions of the people. Christ was truly God and truly man. In the Vulgate the Latin word spiritus is used to translate the Greek pneuma and Hebrew ruach. Accordingly, the title has been interpreted as "the word of God" by the theistic schools, "the words of the Lord", "the Divine Song", and "Celestial Song" by others. [14] Additionally it can mean to seek out or search for personal growth, religious experience, belief in a supernatural realm or afterlife, or to make sense of one's own "inner dimension". From June 24, 1950, until his death, Hunt was married to his college sweetheart, Ruth Klaussen (19262013), who together raised four children: David Jr., Janna, Karen and Jon. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Incarnation-Jesus-Christ, The Catholic Encyclopedia - The Incarnation. [16], The term spirit means "animating or vital principle in man and animals". [122] Ellison and Fan (2008) assert that spirituality causes a wide array of positive health outcomes, including "morale, happiness, and life satisfaction.". The Examen Video A six-minute video about the Examen, produced by the Jesuits of the California Province. between higher and lower forms of spirituality[citation needed]: "A spiritual man is one who is Christian 'more abundantly and deeper than others'. Affect theory and religious experience. Masters and Spielmans[176] conducted a meta-analysis of all the available and reputable research examining the effects of distant intercessory prayer. Belief in the preexistence of Christ is indicated in various letters of the New Testament but particularly in the Letter of Paul to the Philippians, in which the Incarnation is presented as the emptying of Christ Jesus, who was by nature God and equal to God (i.e., the Father) but who took on the nature of a slave (i.e., a human) and was later glorified by God. The spiritual turn of the first generation of Dutch New Age teachers", "Spiritual But Not Religious? Each of the major religious orders of the Catholic Church and other lay groupings have their own unique spirituality its own way of approaching God in prayer and in living out the Gospel. [1], Anthony lived in a time of transition for Christianitythe Diocletianic Persecution in AD303 was the last great formal persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. McMahon. Much of Eastern Christian spirituality, including the Hesychast movement, had its roots in the practices of the Desert Fathers. Laszlo, Ervin, "CosMos:A Co-creator's Guide to the Whole World", Hay House, Inc, 2008. All property was held communally, meals were eaten together and in silence, twice a week they fasted, and they wore simple peasant clothing with a hood. [13] Others conclude that the sayings attributed to Abba Poemen are accurate, based on a notable and historical Abba Poemen. Cultivating disciplined practices of being engaged by god," in L. Gregory Jones and James J. Buckley eds., Spirituality and Social Embodiment, Oxford: Blackwell, 1997, 328 [4, n. 4]. ), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict. David Charles Haddon Hunt (September 30, 1926 April 5, 2013) was an American Christian apologist, speaker, radio commentator and author.He was in full-time ministry from 1973 until his death. A new Theory of Evolution, p. 7, Azeemi, K.S., "Muraqaba: The Art and Science of Sufi Meditation". Emotion and religion. In his final book, "Cosmos, Creator and Human Destiny", Hunt supported the Creationist viewpoint and alleged that there were deficiencies in both the Big Bang theory and the theory of evolution. '", Abbot Pastor, "If someone does evil to you, you should do good to him, so that by your good work you may drive out his malice. Rochford, E.B. Hunt wrote about Y2K with the intent of refuting the fearful predictions being made by other Christian fundamentalist writers (Y2K: A Reasoned Response To Mass Hysteria). [23] The title hesychast was used in early times synonymously with hermit, as compared to a cenobite who lived in community. Ramakrishna Puligandla (1985), Jna-Yoga The Way of Knowledge (An Analytical Interpretation), University Press of America New York. The Sufi have suffered severe persecution by more rigid and fundamentalist groups such as the Wahhabi and Salafi movement. Spiritual experiences can include being connected to a larger reality, yielding a more comprehensive self; joining with other individuals or the human community; with nature or the cosmos; or with the divine realm. Hood, Jr (Ed.) Oncology Nursing Forum. 8). Ole Therkelsen: Martinus, Darwin and Intelligent design. On the one side of it lies institutional, on the other personal religion. This was developed into the concept of the Saint Soldier by the 10th Sikh Guru, Gobind Singh. MacDonald et al. "[99] Guru Nanak described living an "active, creative, and practical life" of "truthfulness, fidelity, self-control and purity" as being higher than a purely contemplative life. Hunt has written a rejoinder to the latter critics in his Whatever Happened to Heaven? I have done nothing good in your sight, but according to your goodness, let me now make a beginning of good. [124] There is also evidence that an agreeable/positive temperament and/or a tendency toward sociability (which all correlate with spirituality) might actually be the key psychological features that predispose people to subsequently adopt a spiritual orientation and that these characteristics, not spiritually per se, add to well-being. Modern spirituality centers on the "deepest values and meanings by which people live". 1844, This page was last edited on 4 November 2022, at 03:52. It is sometimes associated today with philosophical, social, or political movements such as liberalism, feminist theology, and green politics. Discover more about the small businesses partnering with Amazon and Amazons commitment to empowering them. Examples include the practice of obedience and communal ownership, reforming ego-orientedness into other-orientedness. [116] It envisions an inner path enabling a person to discover the essence of his or her being. [158][159][160][161] Although spiritual individuals tend to be optimistic,[162] report greater social support,[163] and experience higher intrinsic meaning in life,[164] strength, and inner peace,[165] whether the correlation represents a causal link remains contentious. He worked as a CPA before his entry into full-time ministry. Hunt addressed Calvinism in a book called What Love is This? This collection contains about 1200 items and therefore does not completely combine the two older collections. In 1843 the Senussi Sufi were forced to flee Mecca and Medina and head to Sudan and Libya. Bhavasar and Kiem, Spirituality and Health, in Hindu Spirituality, Editor: Ewert Cousins (1989). Updates? In Dutch: "de kerkelijke tegenover de tijdelijke goederen, het kerkelijk tegenover het wereldlijk gezag, de geestelijke stand tegenover de lekenstand". As you may know, apologetics is the intelligent presentation and defense of the historical Christian faith. [42] The term "spiritual" is now frequently used in contexts in which the term "religious" was formerly employed. Those who left for the desert formed an alternate Christian society, at a time when it was no longer a risk to be a Christian. The Transcendentalists emphasised an intuitive, experiential approach of religion. Progressive Christianity is a contemporary movement which seeks to remove the supernatural claims of the faith and replace them with a post-critical understanding of biblical spirituality based on historical and scientific research. [91] In the practice of Hinduism, suggest modern era scholars such as Vivekananda, the choice between the paths is up to the individual and a person's proclivities. [1] A survey of reviews by McCarroll, each dealing with the topic of spirituality, gave twenty-seven explicit definitions among which "there was little agreement". "[note 2] Houtman and Aupers suggest that modern spirituality is a blend of humanistic psychology, mystical and esoteric traditions, and Eastern religions. [6] When members of the church began finding ways to work with the Roman state, the Desert Fathers saw that as a compromise between "the things of God and the things of Caesar." Major Asian influences on contemporary spirituality have included Swami Vivekananda[130] (18631902) and D.T. For example, meditation and similar practices are suggested to help the practitioner cultivate her/his inner life and character. Not a deity in concreto, not a superhuman person, but the immanent divinity in things, the essentially spiritual structure of the universe []". Paul the Traveller: Saint Paul and his World 45. to be an important aspect of modern spirituality, this does not imply spirituality is essential to achieving happiness (e.g. The word pseudoscience is derived from the Greek root pseudo meaning false and the English word science, from the Latin word scientia, meaning "knowledge".Although the term has been in use since at least the late 18th century (e.g., in 1796 by James Pettit Andrews in reference to alchemy), the concept of pseudoscience as distinct from real or proper science seems to It has commonly been accepted that the union of the human nature of Christ with his divine nature had significant consequences for his human naturefor example, the grace of great sanctity. The legalization of Christianity by the Roman Empire in 313 gave Anthony a greater resolve to go out into the desert. [12][13][15][16], Bergomi detects "an enlightened form of non-religious spirituality" in late antiquity. Kabbalah is a set of esoteric teachings meant to explain the relationship between an unchanging, eternal and mysterious Ein Sof (no end) and the mortal and finite universe (his creation). Parasparopagraho jvnm (the function of souls is to help one another) is the faith's motto and the amkra mantra is its most common and basic prayer. Corrections? stern arbiters of public morality Understanding Christian Spirituality. If you do this, you will not fear the attacks of the demons. [1], The Desert Fathers advocated three main approaches to monasticism. [112] Hanegraaf makes a distinction between two "New Age" movements: New Age in a restricted sense, which originated primarily in mid-twentieth century England and had its roots in Theosophy and anthroposophy, and "New Age" in a general sense, which emerged in the later 1970s, when increasing numbers of people began to perceive a broad similarity between a wide variety of "alternative ideas" and pursuits, and started to think of them as part of one "movement"". Austere stresses absence of warmth, color, or feeling and may apply to rigorous restraint, simplicity, or self-denial (as in "living an austere life in the country"). He was the leading French Protestant reformer and the most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. The latter were small groups (two to six) of monks and nuns with a common spiritual elderthese separate groups would join in larger gatherings to worship on Saturdays and Sundays. Chester: Wiley-Blackwell. The Musar movement, first founded in the 19th century by Israel Salanter and developed in the 21st century by Alan Morinis and Ira F. Stone, has encouraged spiritual practices of Jewish meditation, Jewish prayer, Jewish ethics, tzedakah, teshuvah, and the study of musar (ethical) literature. [95] The Hare Krishna school emphasizes bhakti yoga as spiritual practice. [156][157], Various studies (most originating from North America) have reported a positive correlation between spirituality and mental well-being in both healthy people and those encountering a range of physical illnesses or psychological disorders. John Cassian's works brought the wisdom of the Desert Fathers into a wider arena. (See logos.) ", Abba Moses, "Sit in thy cell and thy cell will teach thee all. 66371. [111] Despite the rapid social, economic and political changes of the last century, traditional religion remains the essential background for many African people. Patterson's collection begins on the walls of the stairway to his basement. [61][web 9] This non-violent meaning is stressed by both Muslim[62] and non-Muslim[63] authors. Various Buddhist Paths to liberation developed throughout the ages. (1987), The Nature of Faith in the akaran Vednta Tradition, Numen, 34(1), pp. The Berean Call, which highlights Hunt's material, was started in 1992. Members also formed smaller groups, with different tasks in the community and the responsibility of looking after each other's welfare. These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'ascetic.' [94], Different schools of Hinduism encourage different spiritual practices. The monk's experience in the cell occurred in a variety of ways, including meditation on scripture. ascetic implies abstention from pleasure and comfort or self-indulgence as spiritual discipline. See the following two in Ewert Cousins series on World Spirituality: Gavin Flood, Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Editor: Knut Jacobsen (2010), Volume II, Brill. ", "Dave Hunt Rally: Prophecy, Current Events, and the Return of Christ", Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Hunt_(Christian_apologist)&oldid=1107705674, United States Army personnel of World War II, Pages using infobox person with multiple parents, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), 1950, Apologist, Author, Speaker, and Radio commentator, This page was last edited on 31 August 2022, at 12:37. [12] The greatest number of sayings are attributed to Abba "Poemen", Greek for "shepherd". Twitter Facebook WhatsApp. ", 1995. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [124][need quotation to verify] Nevertheless, spirituality has played a central role in some self-help movements such as Alcoholics Anonymous: if an alcoholic failed to perfect and enlarge his spiritual life through work and self-sacrifice for others, he could not survive the certain trials and low spots ahead[125], Such spiritually-informed treatment approaches have been challenged as pseudoscience. They chose a life of extreme asceticism, renouncing all the pleasures of the senses, rich food, baths, rest, and anything that made them comfortable. Socially it denoted the territory of the clergy: "the ecclesiastical against the temporary possessions, the ecclesiastical against the secular authority, the clerical class against the secular class". "[18] He defines "personal religion" as, "the feelings, acts, and experiences of individual men in their solitude, so far as they apprehend themselves to stand in relation to whatever they may consider the divine". The influence of Asian traditions on western modern spirituality was also furthered by the perennial philosophy, whose main proponent Aldous Huxley was deeply influenced by Swami Vivekananda's Neo-Vedanta and universalism,[36] and the spread of social welfare, education and mass travel after World War II. Roy attempted to modernise and reform Hinduism, from the idea of Universalism. Paul Heelas noted the development within New Age circles of what he called "seminar spirituality":[41] structured offerings complementing consumer choice with spiritual options.
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