[21] By January 1775, the servants' parents began making complaints that Sade had abducted and seduced their children. The director of the institution, Abb de Coulmier, allowed and encouraged him to stage several of his plays, with the inmates as actors, to be viewed by the Parisian public. [26] The two men were sentenced to death in absentia and charged with sodomy, attempted poisoning, and outrage to the country's morals. After 52 years of production, the Continental was discontinued for 2003. Having wearied of serving a master in whom he no longer had much confidence, Talleyrand resigned as minister of foreign affairs in 1807, although the Emperor retained him in the Council of State as Vice-Grand Elector of the Empire. Mechanically, Ford, Lincoln, and Mercury each offered a separate version of the Ford Flathead V8. [98] He could not get a majority of his own Estate to agree, but the clergy was willing to join with the commons, and on the 17th, the group declared itself the National Assembly. [187] He returned to France aboard a ship that was originally called the Susquehanna but was renamed the USS Brandywine in honor of the battle where he shed his blood for the United States. By 1792, revolutionary fervor had swept France into war with Austria and Prussia. The general remained as commander of the National Guard. [57] The writer Georges Bataille applied Sade's methods of writing about sexual transgression to shock and provoke readers.[54]. The division pared several slow-selling model lines, including the Turnpike Cruiser and Voyager; the two-door Commuter was in its final year. Lafayette quickly returned to the Tuileries and disarmed the nobles after a brief standoff. Marketed among the top luxury vehicle brands in the United States, Lincoln was positioned closely against its General Motors counterpart Cadillac. Also in 2020, Lincoln announced that it was ending production of the Continental and MKZ sedans by end of the year due to the popularity of SUVs.[40]. Introduced in 1964 as a performance-oriented submodel of the Comet, the Mercury Cyclone became a standalone model range slotted above the Cougar; the aerodynamically-optimized Cyclone Spoiler II was homologated as the 1969 Mercury entry for NASCAR. Having been appointed foreign minister and president of the council on 9 July 1815, Talleyrand resigned in September of that year, over his objections to the second treaty. [1][2] The Park Lane was offered as the flagship Mercury model line with a similar approach to luxury shared with the updated four passenger Ford Thunderbird with a listed retail price of US$3,867 for the coupe ($36,319 in 2021 dollars [3]) and US$4,118 for the convertible ($38,677 in 2021 dollars [3]). Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette (6 September 1757 20 May 1834), known in the United States as Lafayette (/ l f i t, l f-/, French: ), was a French aristocrat, freemason and military officer who fought in the American Revolutionary War, commanding American troops in several battles, including the siege of Yorktown. Books Roche criticizes and discusses some of these views in detail. Many of the characters in his works are teenagers or adolescents. [4][5][3] The final Mercury automobile, a 2011 Mercury Grand Marquis, was manufactured at St. Thomas Assembly on January 5, 2011. During the 1960s, while sales of the Continental had remained relatively steady throughout its production, the engineering of luxury cars had begun to change among its competitors; to increase design commonality (and lower production costs), Cadillac and Imperial shifted away from brand-specific platforms (with the latter adapting to shared bodyshells with Chrysler). More popular than the Cougar in 1980, the Capri was discontinued for 1987 (after being outsold nearly 10 to one by the Mustang[29]). [10] Lafayette's mother and grandfather died, on 3 and 24 April 1770 respectively, leaving Lafayette an income of 25,000livres. Thereafter he strove to moderate Napoleon's ambition and to preserve the European system as far as possible.[18]. Lafayette had materialized from a distant age, the last leader and hero at the nation's defining moment. During the 1970s, the Cougar became the most popular Mercury vehicle, with a "Sign of the Cat" advertising campaign launched by the division; commercials for all Mercury vehicles during this era ended with a shot of a growling cougar seated atop a Lincoln-Mercury sign (like the then-current outdoor signage at the dealerships, which also featured the Ford "blue oval" logo) and the voiceover announcer intoning "at the sign of the cat". (eds. [204] Samuel Adams praised him for "foregoing the pleasures of Enjoyment of domestick Life and exposing himself to the Hardship and Dangers" of war when he fought "in the glorious cause of freedom". As king, Charles intended to restore the absolute rule of the monarch, and his decrees had already prompted protest by the time Lafayette arrived. The counterpart of the Ford Fairmont, the Zephyr marked the introduction of the Fox platform, a rear-wheel drive chassis architecture that underpinned some compact and mid-size Ford and Lincoln-Mercury vehicles from the 1970s into the early 2000s. Please support World History Encyclopedia. [49], The French fleet arrived at Delaware Bay on 8 July 1778 under Admiral d'Estaing, with whom General Washington planned to attack Newport, Rhode Island, the other major British base in the north. In presidential parades and motorcades, the limousine was often used without the plexiglass roof; along with maximizing visibility of the President for constituents, the configuration reduced stress on the cooling system. [34] General Washington took the Frenchman to view his military camp; when Washington expressed embarrassment at its state and that of the troops, Lafayette responded, "I am here to learn, not to teach. We care about our planet and contribute a share of our revenue to carbon removal from the atmosphere. [163] After the Louisiana Purchase, President Jefferson asked him if he would be interested in the governorship, but Lafayette declined, citing personal problems and his desire to work for liberty in France. "[11] There have also been numerous film adaptations of his work, including Pasolini's Sal, an adaptation of Sade's controversial book The 120 Days of Sodom, as well as many of the films of Spanish director Jess Franco. While not officially a Lincoln, the Continental Mark III was marketed and serviced through the Lincoln-Mercury dealer network. Botanically, the wheat kernel is a type of fruit [29], D'Estaing moved his ships north to Boston for repairs, where it faced an angry demonstration from Bostonians who considered the French departure from Newport to be a desertion. He became a popular figure in the United States, becoming fast friends with many soldiers, members of Congress, and Founding Fathers. His work is a depiction of extreme absolute freedom, unrestrained by morality, religion, or law. Lafayette died at age 76 on 20 May 1834. For 2004, Mercury made its return to the minivan segment, replacing the Villager with the revival of the Mercury Monterey nameplate. The 1992 Grand Marquis underwent a larger-scale redesign, sharing no body commonality with the previous generation. At its launch, Merkur introduced the Merkur XR4Ti sports coupe, a federalized version of the Ford Sierra XR4i (renamed in deference to General Motors that had sold the GMC Sierra pickup truck in North America that was not sold in Europe). [18] At this stage, he was becoming publicly critical of Maximilien Robespierre and, on 5 December, he was removed from his posts, accused of moderatism, and imprisoned for almost a year. In a return to (small) pontoon rear fenders, Lincolns shared a body with the Mercury Monterey. Following the Great Depression, a number of American luxury car manufacturers were either forced into closure or reorganization; by 1940, alongside Lincoln, the American luxury-car segment largely consisted of Cadillac (who ended production of the LaSalle and V16 in 1940), the Chrysler Imperial (reduced to 8-passenger sedans and limousines), and Packard. For 1990, the Town Car underwent a full redesign (after following the traditional nine-year Lincoln model cycle). He also sent letters to the Chevalier de la Luzerne, French ambassador in Philadelphia, describing how ill-supplied his troops were. On 2 April the Senate officially deposed Napoleon with the Acte de dchance de l'Empereur; by 11 April it had approved the Treaty of Fontainebleau and adopted a new constitution to re-establish the Bourbon monarchy. While upper-trim models (such as the Grand Monarch Ghia or Marquis) would feature a crest on the hood or grille, lower-trim models (such as the Monterey or Montego) featured a crest in places such as the wheels. The general and his officers were delighted to hear that the large French force promised to Lafayette would be coming to their aid. Talleyrand then hosted the tsar at the end of March after the fall of Paris, persuaded him that the best chance of stability lay with the House of Bourbon, and gained his support. Alternating title usage indicates that titular hierarchy (below duc et pair) was notional; theoretically, the marquis title was granted to noblemen owning several countships, but its use by men of dubious lineage caused its disrepute. In stark contrast to the breezeway roofline, Mercury offered the "Marauder" fastback roofline (shared with the Ford Galaxie 500XL); its aerodynamics helped Mercury gain ground in stock-car racing. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. They Are Instinctively Nurturing. [2], As the highest-priced, premium trim, many Park Lanes were fitted with the option of a "breezeway" retractable rear window that was first used on the Turnpike Cruiser and the 1958-1960 Continental. ", Louis S. Greenbaum, "Talleyrand as Agent-General of the Clergy of France: A Study in Comparative Influence. For 2005, Lincoln introduced a second pickup truck model line, the Lincoln Mark LT. Again based on the Ford F-150 SuperCrew, the design of the Mark LT was partially derived from the poor reception to the Lincoln Blackwood. As part of an interior redesign, the Eight received a dashboard configured similar to the Lincoln Zephyr. At the end of the model year, the Sable was retired permanently, as the nameplate revival led to the Sable becoming the slowest-selling Mercury; consequently, the 2010 Ford Taurus was developed without a Mercury counterpart. The Treaty of Paris of 1783 saw the United States' independence, and Lafayette returned to France. [102] On 14 July, the fortress known as the Bastille was stormed by the insurgents.[103]. Talleyrand, along with Napoleon's younger brother, Lucien Bonaparte, was instrumental in the 1799 coup d'tat of 18 Brumaire, establishing the French Consulate government, although he also made preparations for flight if necessary. Constance, pretending to be his relative, was allowed to live with him at Charenton. [22] As standard equipment, the Mark III was fitted with power door locks, power seats, and power windows. Sade's most famous books are often classified not as Gothic but as libertine novels, and include the novels Justine, or the Misfortunes of Virtue; Juliette; The 120 Days of Sodom; and Philosophy in the Bedroom. [36], Talleyrand's venality was notorious; in the tradition of the ancien rgime, he expected to be paid for the state duties he performedwhether these can properly be called "bribes" is open to debate. Talleyrand: A Biography, p. 495, Ambassador of France to the United Kingdom, Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu, Member of the National Constituent Assembly, [al mis d tal() pei, mo-], Alexandre Anglique de Talleyrand-Prigord, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Pedro Gmez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador, Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "(Layman) Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Prigord ", "Full text of "Cazenove journal, 1794: a record of the journey of Theophile Cazenove through New Jersey and Pennsylvania", "Talleyrand: Napoleon's Master by David Lawday", "Talleyrand: A Diplomat Par Excellence | 4 Corners of the World: International Collections and Studies at the Library of Congress", The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace, and the Course of History, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Prigord 17541838, Bishop Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Prigord, Catholic Hierarchy website, Talleyrands letters and dispatches translated into English, Painting of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Prigord by Baron Grard at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Works by prince de Bnvent Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Prigord, Works by or about Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Prigord, Franois-Xavier-Marc-Antoine de Montesquiou-Fzensac, President of the National Assembly of France, Paul Franois Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras, Marie Jean Franois Philibert Lecarlier d'Ardon, Charles-Franois Lebrun, duc de Plaisance, Government of the first Bourbon restoration, Ministry of Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Prigord, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, Franois Alexandre Frdric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Honor Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, Alexandre-Thodore-Victor, comte de Lameth, Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, List of people associated with the French Revolution, Portrait of Frdric Chopin and George Sand, Last Words of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Prigord&oldid=1109266523, Ambassadors of France to the United Kingdom, People temporarily excommunicated by the Catholic Church, Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary, Articles with Encyclopdia Britannica links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from July 2014, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, Pages using S-rel template with ca parameter, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Geoffrey Gorer, an English anthropologist and author (19051985), wrote one of the earliest books on Sade, entitled The Revolutionary Ideas of the Marquis de Sade in 1935. [135] France declared war on Austria on 20 April 1792, and preparations to invade the Austrian Netherlands (today's Belgium) began. World History Encyclopedia. American Psychiatric Association. The MKC was replaced by the Lincoln Corsair, remaining a counterpart of the Ford Escape/Kuga. This perception caused the famous dressing down of Talleyrand in front of Napoleon's marshals, during which Napoleon famously claimed that he could "break him like a glass, but it's not worth the trouble" and added with a scatological tone that Talleyrand was "shit in a silk stocking",[24] to which the minister coldly retorted, once Napoleon had left, "Pity that so great a man should have been so badly brought up!". [23], 460 CID V8 in a 1970 Continental Mark III. Intended as the successor for the Comet, the Monarch led to a completely new market segment: the luxury compact car. While not directly hit by a bullet from Hinckley, Reagan was wounded by a bullet that had struck the armor plating on the side of the car, ricocheting off of the vehicle. [5] At eight years old,[6] Talleyrand attended the Collge d'Harcourt, the seminary of Saint-Sulpice,[7] while studying theology at the Sorbonne until the age of 21. The First Meeting of Washington and LafayetteCurrier & Ives (Public Domain). For 1946, Lincoln returned to production, ending the use of the Zephyr name. On 17 May 1794, they were taken across the Austrian border, where a military unit was waiting to receive them. Sade proceeded to bind Keller before proceeding to flagellate her with a whip over the course of two days. When victorious French revolutionary troops began to threaten the Rhineland, King Frederick WilliamII transferred the prisoners east to the citadel at Magdeburg, where they remained an entire year, from 4 January 1793 to 4 January 1794. Competing against Buick and Oldsmobile from General Motors for decades, the brand also competed against Chrysler's namesake brand (following the closure of DeSoto). Intended as a successor of the 19561957 Continental Mark II personal luxury car, the Continental Mark III was the first generation of the revived Lincoln Mark series. In 1975, the limousine rushed Gerald Ford away during the assassination attempt against him from Sarah Jane Moore. A second generation of the Villager was released, growing in size over its predecessor; in contrast to the Ford Windstar, a driver-side sliding door was standard equipment. The Life of Gilbert Motier De Lafayette: A Marquis of France; A General Mmoires, Correspondance Et Manuscrits Du Gnral Lafayette, Volume 3, Memoirs, Correspondence and Manuscripts of General Lafayette. Lincoln-Mercury continued sales of the Marquis alongside its successor through the end of the model year (retiring the Brougham trim). Until that point, it had not been usual in the United States to build monuments, but Lafayette's visit set off a wave of constructionusually with him laying the cornerstone himself, in his capacity as mason. The product of a joint venture with Nissan, the Villager was produced by Ford alongside the Nissan Quest; both model lines derived their chassis and drivetrain from the Nissan Maxima. After a two-year hiatus, the S-55 returned for 1966. Louis XVIII appointed him as the Grand Chamberlain of France, a mostly ceremonial role which provided Talleyrand with a steady income. To have a character like Justine, who is stripped without ceremony and bound to a wheel for fondling and thrashing, would be unthinkable in the domestic Gothic fiction written for the bourgeoisie. [4][86][89][90], Lafayette made the Htel de La Fayette in Paris's rue de Bourbon an important meeting place for Americans there. Talleyrand, having managed to establish a middle position, received some favours from the other countries in exchange for his support: France returned to its 1792 boundaries without reparations, with French control over papal Avignon, Montbliard (Mompelgard) and Salm, which had been independent at the start of the French Revolution in 1789. [115], As leader of the National Guard, Lafayette attempted to maintain order and steer a middle ground, even as the radicals gained increasing influence. Along with its use by Chevrolet during 1933 (Chevrolet Mercury), Mercury was the name of seven separate companies from 1903 to 1923 (each failing within two years of opening), including a manufacturer of steam-powered cars in San Francisco, California, and the Mercury Cyclecar Company, a 1913-1914 cyclecar manufacturer at 807 South Scotten Street in Detroit. Secretary of State Jefferson found a loophole allowing Lafayette to be paid, with interest, for his services as a major general from 1777 to 1783. Less successfully, he solicited payments from the United States government to open negotiations, precipitating a diplomatic disaster (the "XYZ Affair"). Lafayette rode into the Champ de Mars at the head of his troops to restore order, but they were met with the throwing of stones from the crowd. Following its return to service, SS-100-X was used for the 1965 inauguration of President Johnson and remained in front-line service until 1967. Warned that the royal government had found out about the conspiracy, he turned back on the road to Belfort, avoiding overt involvement. [64], Lafayette spent the first part of the winter of 178081 in Philadelphia, where the American Philosophical Society elected him its first foreign member. ", This page was last edited on 8 September 2022, at 22:09. For the first time since 1977, the Cougar was offered as a station wagon (replacing the otherwise identical Zephyr wagon, as Mercury shifted the model line upward in price). 03 Nov 2022. Bernard, J.F. Quills, inspired by Sade's imprisonment and battles with the censorship in his society,[54] portrays him (Geoffrey Rush) as a literary freedom fighter who is a martyr to the cause of free expression. The counterpart of the Ford Tempo, the Topaz replaced the Zephyr while offering a sedan counterpart of the Lynx (in a similar context to the Volkswagen Jetta and Golf). The home market of the Lincoln Motor Company brand is the United States, Canada, and Mexico. [193], Lafayette grew increasingly disillusioned with Louis-Phillippe, who backtracked on reforms and denied his promises to make them. Donatien Alphonse Franois, Marquis de Sade (French: [dnasj alfz fswa maki d sad]; 2 June 1740 2 December 1814), was a French nobleman, revolutionary politician, philosopher and writer famous for his literary depictions of a libertine sexuality.His works include novels, short stories, plays, dialogues, and political tracts. [68], On 4 July, the British left Williamsburg and prepared to cross the James River. [67][68] The repetitive and obsessive nature of the account of Justine's abuse and frustration in her strivings to be a good Christian living a virtuous and pure life may on a superficial reading seem tediously excessive. When Lafayette arrived in Albany, he found too few men to mount an invasion. Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette (l. 1757-1834), more commonly known in the United States as simply Lafayette, was a French aristocrat, military officer, and politician.He was a major figure in both the American and French revolutions, helping to shape the destiny of both countries. He argued that an author in this genre was forced to choose between elaborate explanations of the supernatural or no explanation at all and that in either case the reader was unavoidably rendered incredulous. Initially rated at 360hp for 1958, the Super Marauder engine option package allowed any Mercury with the 430 to increase its output to 400hp (the first mass-production engine in an American automobile to be so rated). [48], The British then marched from Philadelphia toward New York. 598606, Bernard, J.F. Benjamin "Ben" Jonson (c. 11 June 1572 c. 16 August 1637) was an English playwright and poet. To replace the Sunshine Special with a more modern vehicle, the Truman White House leased a fleet of 10 1950 Lincoln Cosmopolitans, including 9 sedans and 1 convertible. While again based on the Mazda 323, the Tracer also now served as a clone of the Ford Escort (with both model lines now becoming near-twins of the Mazda Proteg). [64], Sade's fiction has been classified under different genres, including pornography, Gothic, and baroque. The eponym of the psychological and subcultural term sadism, his name is used variously to evoke sexual violence, licentiousness, and freedom of speech. In 1802, he was part of the tiny minority that voted no in the referendum that made Bonaparte consul for life. In contrast to the previous generation, the 2002 Mountaineer shared only the roofline and doors with its Ford Explorer counterpart. In 1999, the emblem saw a minor revision, with the word "Mercury" added to the top half of the emblem. In response to the 1992-1997 Grand Marquis receiving a better marketplace reception over its Crown Victoria counterpart, both model lines adopted the formal roofline design used by the Mercury. Talleyrand believed Napoleon would eventually destroy the empire he had worked to build across multiple rulers. Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi, 1st Marquis of Marconi FRSA (Italian: [ulmo markoni]; 25 April 1874 20 July 1937) was an Italian inventor and electrical engineer, known for his creation of a practical radio wave-based wireless telegraph system. For 1972, the Continental Mark IV made its debut, redesigned alongside the Ford Thunderbird. [18] The Pope released him from the ban of excommunication in the Concordat of 1801, which also revoked the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. On June 2, 2010, Ford announced the closure of the Mercury line effective at the end of 2010; the company intended to concentrate its marketing and engineering efforts on the Ford and Lincoln model lines. In 2008, Ford introduced an advertising campaign starring actress Jill Wagner that focused exclusively on attracting female drivers to the Mercury brand in hopes of making it more relevant and profitable (standing in stark contrast to its late 1960s "The Man's Car" ad slogan). [219] Gaines disagreed and noted that liberal and Marxist historians have also dissented from that view. But he consistently stuck to his ideals, even when doing so endangered his life and fortune. Alongside the Ford Escape, Mercury introduced a second-generation Mariner (the Mariner Hybrid, 2009), adding more brand-specific exterior and interior design. Today, the car is on display at the George Bush Presidential Library in College Station, Texas. His close relationships to American Founding Fathers such as George Washington and Thomas Jefferson gave him the ability to witness the implementation of a democratic system. "Lafayette: Hero of two worlds", This page was last edited on 2 November 2022, at 22:54. [31][32] Lafayette's advocates included the recently arrived American envoy to France, Benjamin Franklin, who by letter urged Congress to accommodate the young Frenchman. For 2008, the Mercury sedan line underwent significant changes. [25] On 1 April 1814 he led the French Senate in establishing a provisional government in Paris, of which he was elected president. [46] His troops simultaneously escaped via a sunken road,[47] and he was then able to cross Matson's Ford with the remainder of his force. The Lincoln Mark LT was exclusively sold in Mexico after the 2008 model year. South Court AuditoriumEisenhower Executive Office Building 11:21 A.M. EDT THE PRESIDENT: Well, good morning. It opens with a domesticated approach: To enlighten mankind and improve its morals is the only lesson which we offer in this story. Submitted by Harrison W. Mark, published on 15 December 2021. [61] This bore fruit in the coming months, as Lafayette awaited the arrival of the French fleet. Originally slated to downsize the Mark series into the mid-size segment (adopting the chassis of the Ford Thunderbird), Ford instead chose an intermediate step for the Mark VI, adopting the full-size Panther platform, with the model line sharing much of its body with the 1980 Lincoln Continental. ", Greenbaum, Louis S. "Talleyrand as Agent-General of the Clergy of France: A Study in Comparative Influence. For the first time since 1980, the Cougar received a complete redesign of its interior, including an (optional) electronic instrument panel. Learn how and when to remove this template message, CanadaUnited States Automotive Products Agreement, Ford to close Mercury division despite higher auto industry sales, "Ford Appears Ready to End Its Mercury Brand", "Last Mercury rolls off the line as Mercury rolls into history", "1941 Mercury Model 19A news, pictures, and information", "Mercury falling: Ford eliminates mid-range brand", "Automotive History: Lincoln's Liquamatic Drive Failure to Upshift", "All about CARS, INSURANCE, FUEL & FUN: Top 10 Luxury Vehicles with the Lowest Resale Value", "Mercury, the Man's Car, 1967 | Hemmings Daily", "Ford Motor Company's December 2001 U.S. Lafayette. [69], French nobleman, revolutionary politician, philosopher and writer of erotic works (1740-1814), "De Sade" redirects here. Lafayette was sent to London, where he met with important British officials, including King George III (r. 1760-1820). Von Steuben sent a plan to Washington, proposing to use land forces and French ships to trap the main British force under Lord Cornwallis.
Closest Galaxy To Milky Way In Light Years, 42 In Galvanized Steel Wire Round Tomato Cage, Python Catch Multiple Exceptions, Pure Barre Reform Equipment, Stakeholder Analysis For A Restaurant, Artifactory Curl Upload Multiple Files, Natural Gnat Repellent For Skin, Ethical Articles 2022, 8 Bit Mario Odyssey Costume,