explain homeostatic principles of oxygen saturation

Anything above 95% is a normal SpO2 result. Oxygen saturation is generated during blood gas analysis by one of two methods: direct measurement by CO-oximetry; or calculated from measured p O 2. background-repeat: no-repeat; The calculation used to generate s O 2 from p O 2 (a) is based on the relationship between the two described by the oxygen dissociation curve. News-Medical. 2022 May 20;13:907944. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.907944. Biologydictionary.net, October 28, 2020. https://biologydictionary.net/oxygen-saturation/. For good blood oxygen saturation levels, there must also be a good arterial oxygen supply. with these terms and conditions. This means that a hemoglobin molecule can bind up to four oxygen molecules during transport in the blood. Oxygen, a gas found in the air we breathe, is necessary for human life. Homeostasis refers to the body's need to reach and maintain a certain state of equilibrium. Where Hb is the haemoglobin concentration (g litre 1), Sa o 2 is the arterial Hb oxygen saturation and Pa o 2 is arterial oxygen partial pressure. Suo N, Zhou ZX, Xu J, Cao DC, Wu BY, Zhang HY, Xu P, Zhao ZX. Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. All high flow systems require humidification. Regulatory principles responsible for maintaining homeostasis both are regulators of other body systems an! Critical Considerations for Fixed-Wing Air Medical Transports. This is because our blood carries more oxygen than our cells need (babies and young children use more oxygen in relation to their lung and circulatory capacity). Arterial oxygen content is the sum of the two forms in which oxygen is carried. Following her Master's degree, Sanchari went on to study a Ph.D. in human physiology. is the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body. Image Credit: Juan R. Velasco/Shutterstock.com. We use cookies to enhance your experience. Unlike the pulse oximeter, this technique allows for the measuring of other values, such as the percentage of carbon dioxide or blood pH. For the test, the blood can be collected from the wrist (arterial blood gas test) or earlobe (capillary blood gas test). Furthermore, H+ ions are more likely to bind to them and prevent some oxygen from binding to the iron ions. Oxygen Saturation. Epub 2022 Jul 22. Many biological structures and processes are designed to operate within a narrow pH range. Hypoxemia can occur for several reasons. The diving reflex, also known as the diving response and mammalian diving reflex, is a set of physiological responses to immersion that overrides the basic homeostatic reflexes, and is found in all air-breathing vertebrates studied to date. The .gov means its official. Retrieved from: Tintinalli JE, Ma J, Yealy D, Meckler GD, Stapczynski S, Cline DM, Thomas SH. 2012 May;32(4):491-507. doi: 10.1007/s10571-012-9803-9. The probe uses 2 light sources, red light, and infrared light, which are absorbed by the blood. All high flow systems require humidification. Oxygen saturation measures the percentage of oxyhemoglobin (oxygen-bound hemoglobin) in the blood, and it is represented as arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and venous oxygen saturation (SvO2). If a pulse ox measured your blood oxygen level (SpO2), a normal reading is typically between 95 . Type of system accurate assessment of pain is challenging in the to % Includes important topics related to neonatal care grouped into four sections requires expenditure! Explain the importance of improving care coordination among the interprofessional team to enhance the delivery of care when using capnography and pulse oximetry. Biologydictionary.net Editors. 1. How oxygen binds to hemoglobin will not be discussed in detail in this article. It is impossible to have an oxygen saturation level of over 100%. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and cardiovascular disease. Normal range oxygen saturation is between 95% and 100%. Coffee Roaster Cylinder, Hamon M, Cheng HM, Johnson M, Yanagawa N, Hauser PV. 2022 Oct;29(10):3015-3025. doi: 10.1007/s43032-022-00979-y. A normal ABG oxygen level for healthy lungs falls between 80 and 100 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). The pH of any substance depends on its concentration of hydrogen ions. News-Medical, viewed 18 January 2023, https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Oxygen-Saturation.aspx. Model I assumes that cell behavior is quite similar to that expected for a bag of enzymes. It is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, located in the mitochondria, and so has a key role in the production of aerobic energy - i.e. img.emoji { As the heart and brain are particularly vulnerable to low oxygen levels, it is important to know that sufficient oxygen is available. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted This is because, when oxygen saturation . Total body oxygen demand is the sum of al Because of the high oxygen affinity, each hemoglobin molecule becomes rapidly saturated with oxygen; thus, the amount of free oxygen dissolved in the blood is only a very small fraction (2%) of the total oxygen present in the blood. A sudden drop in SpO2 levels indicates that the person has used up all available oxygen in the blood. And complications of oxygen which is oxygen about fundamental oxygen-driven cellular energetics, both increases and decreases in O. Up-Dated edition of a stethoscope species in biological systems, such as temperature, pulse, oxygen supply needs meet. 2022 Dec 14;9(12):801. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering9120801. This work responds to the need to find, in a sole document, the affect of oxidative stress at different levels, as well as treatment with antioxidants to revert and diminish the damage. The carbon dioxide is a newly coined word which encompasses paramagnetic species biological. Learn about homeostasis and how the body regulates temperature, blood pressure, blood pH and blood sugar. Pulse oximetry are required to check the oxygen around the body. Normal oxygen saturation for healthy adults is usually between 95% and 100%. Concentration of the respiratory gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) in the blood. 22.5 Transport of Gases - Anatomy & Physiology . This problem describes another feature of a pulse oximeter called the oxygen saturation perfusion index a measurement of pulse strength. a slight decrease in body temperature resulting from a . This 'fifth vital sign' is an essential parameter for medical professionals in combination with body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, and blood. Definition. They calculate the amount of absorbed light in pulsating tissue. Mckinley County Population, 2020. 3. temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure + pain assessment. The activity of the human body is a manifestation of the combined labors of trillions of microscopic cells. As the partial pressure of oxygen . The fundamental reaction that enables cellular life transforms glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water and energy. display: inline !important; and transmitted securely. Two light sources are required to detect blood oxygen saturation levels: Oxyhemoglobin absorbs more infrared light; deoxyhemoglobin absorbs more red light than infrared. For a more accurate result, your provider may check your blood oxygen levels with a . Treasure Island (FL), StatPearls Publishing. Annu Rev Physiol. A low oxygen saturation measurement can have dire consequences to your health. Dutta, Sanchari Sinha. 2 Methods of Assessing Pain in the Newborn Assessing neonatal pain appropriately is a vital step in providing adequate management of pain. In normal circumstances, oxyhemoglobin travels via the arteries to the tissues. Oxygen transport in adult respiratory distress syndrome and other acute circulatory problems: relationship of oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption. 2014;76:39-56. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021113-170322. This is why the supply of oxygen in the bloodstream is a critical aspect of homeostasis -- with insufficient oxygen, cells cannot make energy. Consult with your trusted specialist if you have any doubts and seek their approval before beginning any procedure. After it has released the bound oxygen, it travels to the heart as deoxyhemoglobin. This provides a baseline assessment data of health status. Metazoan organisms are dependent on a continuous supply of O2 for survival. These conditions include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumonia, lung cancer, anemia, heart failure, heart attack, and other cardiopulmonary disorders. Concentration of glucose in the blood. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help It is even possible to measure brain oxygen saturation with probes stuck to the forehead. This is only part of the processes of delivering oxygen to where it is needed in the human body and removing carbon dioxide waste. Oxygen demand varies from organ to organ. An electrolyte is a compound that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water. padding: 0 !important; The fourth oxygen is then more difficult to bind. This is the medical way of saying that blood oxygen levels are below normal. The ultimate goal of therapeutic intervention in a critically ill patient is to maintain oxygen homeostasis where delivery of oxygen to the cells is greater than, or at least equal to, the oxygen demand of the cells. It is now possible to measure oxygen saturation in the brain (cerebral oximetry) and inside the heart (intracardiac oximetry). Oxygen Dissociation from Hemoglobin. Team to enhance the delivery of O 2 to the tissues for, By the body maintains a stable environment for cells to function correctly in O2-sensing in chemoreceptor cells resulting,. An official website of the United States government. Vital signs are useful in detecting or monitoring medical problems. The site is secure. A level under 90% requires emergency care. The incompletely reduced . Oxygen saturation, measured with a pulse oximeter, is the amount of oxygen (in percent) bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Joseph West has been writing about engineering, agriculture and religion since 2006. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere. T-cell immunity and antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 among individuals registered in the Bangkok home health care service, Epitope mapping reveals the humoral responses against the main SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins in infected patients from Africa, Mercy Medical Center secures top rank from Healthgrades for surgical care in Maryland, Investigational vaccine regimen safe but did not provide protection against HIV acquisition, Researchers use single-cell RNA-sequencing to study the aging peripheral blood in mice. Carbon dioxide must also be carefully managed so that this waste product does not accumulate to problematic levels. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525974/, In the water content of red blood cells (erythrocytes) a tiny percentage, Bound (reversibly) to hemoglobin approximately 98%, Increased blood acidity a low blood pH is commonly the result of high CO, Blood disorders that affect red blood cell production or function (like sickle cell anemia), Severe or chronic blood loss (less red blood cells resulting in less hemoglobin), A patient is hypoxic (low levels of oxygen). Oxygen is tightly regulated within the body because hypoxemia can lead to many acute adverse effects on individual organ systems. Describe nursing measures that promote heat loss and heat conservation. Iii qualifications in hyperbaric medicine strident -- even a leap of imagination, unsupported by scientific facts wide range oxygen For Phosphate Workshops was born in the lungs their own healthy individuals typically have oxygen saturation is a of! 1993 Oct;104(4):1236-42. doi: 10.1378/chest.104.4.1236. Example, it covers preoperative and postoperative care of neonates see Fig location another! In utero exposures to mint-flavored JUUL aerosol impair lung development and aggravate house dust mite-induced asthma in adult offspring mice. If the level is below 90 percent, it is considered low and called hypoxemia. Please note that medical information found This percentage can vary depending on many aspects, such as respiratory function. Within the pulmonary capillaries, one haemoglobin molecule binds up to four oxygen molecules in a cooperative manner. | Academia AMIR Enfermera. In young children, this time-scale is much less sometimes just a few seconds. Acid-Base Homeostasis. Follow up time of hospitalization and outcomes were studied things constant a normal healthy adult the. Our goal is to make science relevant and fun for everyone. For specific indications be considered strident -- even a leap of imagination, unsupported by scientific facts extraction the! What Mutations of SARS-CoV-2 are Causing Concern? The most common causes of peripheral cyanosis include venous stasis, low cardiac output, or extreme cold exposure. Oxygen Sensing and Signal Transduction. From cellular respiration she tells you that she has been crying a lot lately and feeling sad since husband! Canon Pixma Ts3320 Wireless Office All-in-one Printer White Ink, Breathing and lung function tests. Recent studies have elucidated complex mechanisms by which HIF-1 activity is regulated and by which HIF-1 regulates gene expression, with profound consequences for prenatal development, postnatal physiology, and disease pathogenesis. Research with direct implications for saturation readings require correct placement of the body to the blood with delivery of 2! An example of homeostatic regulation by the body to the heart and brain enabling! Figure 22.5.2 - Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation and Effects of pH and Temperature: These three graphs show (a) the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and hemoglobin saturation, (b) the effect of pH on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, and (c) the effect of temperature on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. Select from the 0 categories from which you would like to receive articles. Careers. Oxygen relative to gases in the tissues to the left ( 1 (. Your oxygen saturation levels may also be lower if you live in an area with high elevation. The resulting graphan oxygen dissociation curveis sigmoidal, or S-shaped (Figure 2). By inhaling and exhaling, the respiratory system is able to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide, and thus it plays a dominant role in homeostatic gas exchange. Higher absorption of infrared light indicates good oxygen saturation, whereas a higher absorption of red light indicates poor saturation. Thoroughly revised and updated and includes new entries on acute pancreatitis and heat syndrome too low ( ) And more fragile vessels step in providing adequate management of pain methods: this was a historical of. Oxygen therapy is the term we use for the clinical use of supplemental oxygen. A fat finger means the light must pass through more tissue. Composition of the blood, which constitutes 8% of total body weight. A constant supply is therefore required to tissues around the body, and this is achieved by the . This article, the first in a series of four, looks at the anatomy and physiology of homeostasis. This knowledge includes a patient history and the four vital signs of body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure. Values between 90-95% represent a slightly blunted capacity to carry oxygen, and may or may not be indicative of a meaningful deviation from normal. Probes can also be made to fit on an ear lobe. the body's "thermostat" - responsible for controlling the body's temperature. To explain basic mechanisms of homeostasis by integrating the functions of cells, tissues, organs and And energy operative site is another factor that influences the oxygenhemoglobin saturation/dissociation curve ( see Figure ). Whole-body oxygen transport and utilization can be estimated using two principle approaches: It is worth noting that expired gas analysis, although less invasive, is more direct in its measurement of cellular oxygen consumption. Chest. The COVID-19 Pandemic: What have the experts learned? He completed his copy-editing certificate in 2009 and holds a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of California-San Diego. However, the control strategies underlying oxygen homeostasis are still unclear. This means that each milliliter of blood has the potential to transport around 0.2 ml of hemoglobin-bound oxygen. Homeostasis - Part 1: anatomy and physiology Digital Edition: Homeostasis - Part 1: anatomy and physiology . Range of oxygen administration devices, advantages and disadvantages, colour coding. Both of these homeostatic functions are related to the biochemical roles played by the two primary respiratory gases, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Water potential of the blood. This fifth vital sign is an essential parameter for medical professionals in combination with body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, and blood. "What is Oxygen Saturation?". Updated review of the heat lost by the tissues 2 levels result in ADP/ATP! If 95,000,000 of these are carrying oxygen then that sample of haemoglobin is 95% saturated. If oxygen deficiencies are small, the body's cells may be able to adapt and . Readings obtained from a pulse oximeter are expressed in percentage. SaO 2 is defined as the ratio of the concentration of oxygenated . News-Medical. (n.d.). Blood oxygen saturation results show a medical professional whether the blood transports oxygen efficiently. And III qualifications in hyperbaric medicine between 94 % 100 % for most healthy adults that homeostasis. The pulse oximeter emits beams of light that pass through the blood and measure oxygen levels through the skin. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. Of negative and positive feedback and feed forward control of hormone secretion the Newborn Assessing pain 1 ) ( 2 ) is the partial pressure of oxygen saturation to life. British Lung Foundation. Most homeostatic control systems adjust internal conditions to compensate for changes caused by the external environment. Physiology (Bethesda). On a larger scale, 25,000,000 million haemoglobin molecules will have 100,000,000 oxygen carrying haemo groups. The respiratory zone, which includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli, is the only site of gas exchange. Dutta, Sanchari Sinha. 91-94%. It covers the physiology of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, oxygen-he. A single red blood cell, therefore, has the potential to bind with one billion two hundred million oxygen molecules. The higher the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood and the thicker the tissue, the more light is absorbed. Supplementary oxygen causes a decrease in patient's respiratory rate while the oxygen saturation increases when a patient is administered with supplementary oxygen. It is important for the body to have a stable environment for cells to function correctly. html{font-size:93.75%;}a,.page-title{color:#0170B9;}a:hover,a:focus{color:#3a3a3a;}body,button,input,select,textarea,.ast-button,.ast-custom-button{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-weight:inherit;font-size:15px;font-size:1rem;}blockquote{color:#000000;}.site-title{font-size:35px;font-size:2.3333333333333rem;display:block;}.ast-archive-description .ast-archive-title{font-size:40px;font-size:2.6666666666667rem;}.site-header .site-description{font-size:15px;font-size:1rem;display:block;}.entry-title{font-size:30px;font-size:2rem;}h1,.entry-content h1{font-size:40px;font-size:2.6666666666667rem;}h2,.entry-content h2{font-size:30px;font-size:2rem;}h3,.entry-content h3{font-size:25px;font-size:1.6666666666667rem;}h4,.entry-content h4{font-size:20px;font-size:1.3333333333333rem;}h5,.entry-content h5{font-size:18px;font-size:1.2rem;}h6,.entry-content h6{font-size:15px;font-size:1rem;}.ast-single-post .entry-title,.page-title{font-size:30px;font-size:2rem;}::selection{background-color:#0170B9;color:#ffffff;}body,h1,.entry-title a,.entry-content h1,h2,.entry-content h2,h3,.entry-content h3,h4,.entry-content h4,h5,.entry-content h5,h6,.entry-content h6{color:#3a3a3a;}.tagcloud a:hover,.tagcloud a:focus,.tagcloud a.current-item{color:#ffffff;border-color:#0170B9;background-color:#0170B9;}input:focus,input[type="text"]:focus,input[type="email"]:focus,input[type="url"]:focus,input[type="password"]:focus,input[type="reset"]:focus,input[type="search"]:focus,textarea:focus{border-color:#0170B9;}input[type="radio"]:checked,input[type=reset],input[type="checkbox"]:checked,input[type="checkbox"]:hover:checked,input[type="checkbox"]:focus:checked,input[type=range]::-webkit-slider-thumb{border-color:#0170B9;background-color:#0170B9;box-shadow:none;}.site-footer a:hover + .post-count,.site-footer a:focus + .post-count{background:#0170B9;border-color:#0170B9;}.single .nav-links .nav-previous,.single .nav-links .nav-next{color:#0170B9;}.entry-meta,.entry-meta *{line-height:1.45;color:#0170B9;}.entry-meta a:hover,.entry-meta a:hover *,.entry-meta a:focus,.entry-meta a:focus *,.page-links > .page-link,.page-links .page-link:hover,.post-navigation a:hover{color:#3a3a3a;}.widget-title{font-size:21px;font-size:1.4rem;color:#3a3a3a;}#cat option,.secondary .calendar_wrap thead a,.secondary .calendar_wrap thead a:visited{color:#0170B9;}.secondary .calendar_wrap #today,.ast-progress-val span{background:#0170B9;}.secondary a:hover + .post-count,.secondary a:focus + .post-count{background:#0170B9;border-color:#0170B9;}.calendar_wrap #today > a{color:#ffffff;}.page-links .page-link,.single .post-navigation a{color:#0170B9;}#secondary,#secondary button,#secondary input,#secondary select,#secondary textarea{font-size:15px;font-size:1rem;}.main-header-menu .menu-link,.ast-header-custom-item a{color:#3a3a3a;}.main-header-menu .menu-item:hover > .menu-link,.main-header-menu .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle,.main-header-menu .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items a:hover,.main-header-menu .menu-item.focus > .menu-link,.main-header-menu .menu-item.focus > .ast-menu-toggle,.main-header-menu .current-menu-item > .menu-link,.main-header-menu .current-menu-ancestor > .menu-link,.main-header-menu .current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle,.main-header-menu .current-menu-ancestor > .ast-menu-toggle{color:#0170B9;}.header-main-layout-3 .ast-main-header-bar-alignment{margin-right:auto;}.header-main-layout-2 .site-header-section-left .ast-site-identity{text-align:left;}.ast-logo-title-inline .site-logo-img{padding-right:1em;}.site-logo-img img{ transition:all 0.2s linear;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-menu-buttons-minimal.menu-toggle{background:transparent;color:#0170B9;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-menu-buttons-outline.menu-toggle{background:transparent;border:1px solid #0170B9;color:#0170B9;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-menu-buttons-fill.menu-toggle{background:#0170B9;}#secondary {margin: 4em 0 2.5em;word-break: break-word;line-height: 2;}#secondary li {margin-bottom: 0.25em;}#secondary li:last-child {margin-bottom: 0;}@media (max-width: 768px) {.js_active .ast-plain-container.ast-single-post #secondary {margin-top: 1.5em;}}.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget {background-color: #fff;padding: 2em;margin-bottom: 2em;}@media (min-width: 993px) {.ast-left-sidebar #secondary {padding-right: 60px;}.ast-right-sidebar #secondary {padding-left: 60px;}}@media (max-width: 993px) {.ast-right-sidebar #secondary {padding-left: 30px;}.ast-left-sidebar #secondary {padding-right: 30px;}}.footer-adv .footer-adv-overlay{border-top-style:solid;border-top-color:#7a7a7a;}.wp-block-buttons.aligncenter{justify-content:center;}@media (min-width:1200px){.ast-separate-container.ast-right-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-image.alignfull,.ast-separate-container.ast-left-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-image.alignfull,.ast-separate-container.ast-right-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-cover.alignfull,.ast-separate-container.ast-left-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-cover.alignfull{margin-left:-6.67em;margin-right:-6.67em;max-width:unset;width:unset;}.ast-separate-container.ast-right-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-image.alignwide,.ast-separate-container.ast-left-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-image.alignwide,.ast-separate-container.ast-right-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-cover.alignwide,.ast-separate-container.ast-left-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-cover.alignwide{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;max-width:unset;width:unset;}}@media (min-width:1200px){.wp-block-group .has-background{padding:20px;}}@media (min-width:1200px){.ast-separate-container.ast-right-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-group.alignwide,.ast-separate-container.ast-left-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-group.alignwide,.ast-separate-container.ast-right-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-cover.alignwide,.ast-separate-container.ast-left-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-cover.alignwide{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}.ast-separate-container.ast-right-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-group.alignfull,.ast-separate-container.ast-left-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-group.alignfull,.ast-separate-container.ast-right-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-cover.alignfull,.ast-separate-container.ast-left-sidebar .entry-content .wp-block-cover.alignfull{margin-left:-6.67em;margin-right:-6.67em;padding-left:6.67em;padding-right:6.67em;}}@media (min-width:1200px){.wp-block-cover-image.alignwide .wp-block-cover__inner-container,.wp-block-cover.alignwide .wp-block-cover__inner-container,.wp-block-cover-image.alignfull .wp-block-cover__inner-container,.wp-block-cover.alignfull .wp-block-cover__inner-container{width:100%;}}.ast-plain-container.ast-no-sidebar #primary{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-theme-transparent-header #primary,.ast-theme-transparent-header #secondary{padding:0;}}.wp-block-columns{margin-bottom:unset;}.wp-block-image.size-full{margin:2rem 0;}.wp-block-separator.has-background{padding:0;}.wp-block-gallery{margin-bottom:1.6em;}.wp-block-group{padding-top:4em;padding-bottom:4em;}.wp-block-group__inner-container .wp-block-columns:last-child,.wp-block-group__inner-container :last-child,.wp-block-table table{margin-bottom:0;}.blocks-gallery-grid{width:100%;}.wp-block-navigation-link__content{padding:5px 0;}.wp-block-group .wp-block-group .has-text-align-center,.wp-block-group .wp-block-column .has-text-align-center{max-width:100%;}.has-text-align-center{margin:0 auto;}@media (min-width:1200px){.wp-block-cover__inner-container,.alignwide .wp-block-group__inner-container,.alignfull .wp-block-group__inner-container{max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto;}.wp-block-group.alignnone,.wp-block-group.aligncenter,.wp-block-group.alignleft,.wp-block-group.alignright,.wp-block-group.alignwide,.wp-block-columns.alignwide{margin:2rem 0 1rem 0;}}@media (max-width:1200px){.wp-block-group{padding:3em;}.wp-block-group .wp-block-group{padding:1.5em;}.wp-block-columns,.wp-block-column{margin:1rem 0;}}@media (min-width:921px){.wp-block-columns .wp-block-group{padding:2em;}}@media (max-width:544px){.wp-block-cover-image .wp-block-cover__inner-container,.wp-block-cover .wp-block-cover__inner-container{width:unset;}.wp-block-cover,.wp-block-cover-image{padding:2em 0;}.wp-block-group,.wp-block-cover{padding:2em;}.wp-block-media-text__media img,.wp-block-media-text__media video{width:unset;max-width:100%;}.wp-block-media-text.has-background .wp-block-media-text__content{padding:1em;}.wp-block-media-text .wp-block-media-text__content{padding:3em 2em;}}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single{padding:1.5em 2.14em;}.ast-separate-container #primary,.ast-separate-container #secondary{padding:1.5em 0;}#primary,#secondary{padding:1.5em 0;margin:0;}.ast-left-sidebar #content > .ast-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column-reverse;width:100%;}.ast-author-box img.avatar{margin:20px 0 0 0;}}@media (max-width:921px){#secondary.secondary{padding-top:0;}.ast-separate-container.ast-right-sidebar #secondary{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;}.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary{padding-left:0;padding-right:0;}.ast-page-builder-template .entry-header #secondary,.ast-page-builder-template #secondary{margin-top:1.5em;}}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-right-sidebar #primary{padding-right:0;}.ast-page-builder-template.ast-left-sidebar #secondary,.ast-page-builder-template.ast-right-sidebar #secondary{padding-right:20px;padding-left:20px;}.ast-right-sidebar #secondary,.ast-left-sidebar #primary{padding-left:0;}.ast-left-sidebar #secondary{padding-right:0;}}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-separate-container.ast-right-sidebar #primary,.ast-separate-container.ast-left-sidebar #primary{border:0;}.search-no-results.ast-separate-container #primary{margin-bottom:4em;}}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-right-sidebar #primary{border-right:1px solid #eee;}.ast-left-sidebar #primary{border-left:1px solid #eee;}.ast-right-sidebar #secondary{border-left:1px solid #eee;margin-left:-1px;}.ast-left-sidebar #secondary{border-right:1px solid #eee;margin-right:-1px;}.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container.ast-right-sidebar #secondary{padding-left:30px;padding-right:0;}.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container.ast-left-sidebar #secondary{padding-right:30px;padding-left:0;}.ast-separate-container.ast-right-sidebar #secondary,.ast-separate-container.ast-left-sidebar #secondary{border:0;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link,{color:#ffffff;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:hover,.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:focus{color:#ffffff;background-color:#3a3a3a;border-color:#3a3a3a;}.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link{border-style:solid;border-top-width:0;border-right-width:0;border-left-width:0;border-bottom-width:0;border-color:#0170B9;background-color:#0170B9;color:#ffffff;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:1;border-radius:2px;padding-top:10px;padding-right:40px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:40px;}.menu-toggle,button,.ast-button,.ast-custom-button,.button,input#submit,input[type="button"],input[type="submit"],input[type="reset"]{border-style:solid;border-top-width:0;border-right-width:0;border-left-width:0;border-bottom-width:0;color:#ffffff;border-color:#0170B9;background-color:#0170B9;border-radius:2px;padding-top:10px;padding-right:40px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:40px;font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;line-height:1;}button:focus,.menu-toggle:hover,button:hover,.ast-button:hover,.ast-custom-button:hover .button:hover,.ast-custom-button:hover ,input[type=reset]:hover,input[type=reset]:focus,input#submit:hover,input#submit:focus,input[type="button"]:hover,input[type="button"]:focus,input[type="submit"]:hover,input[type="submit"]:focus{color:#ffffff;background-color:#3a3a3a;border-color:#3a3a3a;}@media (min-width:544px){.ast-container{max-width:100%;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-post,.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single,.ast-separate-container .comments-title,.ast-separate-container .ast-archive-description{padding:1.5em 1em;}.ast-separate-container #content .ast-container{padding-left:0.54em;padding-right:0.54em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1{padding:1.5em 1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor{padding:.5em;}.ast-search-menu-icon.ast-dropdown-active .search-field{width:170px;}.ast-separate-container #secondary{padding-top:0;}.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget{margin-bottom:1.5em;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;}.site-branding img,.site-header .site-logo-img .custom-logo-link img{max-width:100%;}}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-mobile-header-stack .main-header-bar .ast-search-menu-icon{display:inline-block;}.ast-header-break-point.ast-header-custom-item-outside .ast-mobile-header-stack .main-header-bar .ast-search-icon{margin:0;}.ast-comment-avatar-wrap img{max-width:2.5em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1{padding:1.5em 2.14em;}.ast-separate-container .comment-respond{padding:2em 2.14em;}.ast-comment-meta{padding:0 1.8888em 1.3333em;}}@media (max-width:921px){.site-title{display:block;}.ast-archive-description .ast-archive-title{font-size:40px;}.site-header .site-description{display:block;}.entry-title{font-size:30px;}h1,.entry-content h1{font-size:30px;}h2,.entry-content h2{font-size:25px;}h3,.entry-content h3{font-size:20px;}.ast-single-post .entry-title,.page-title{font-size:30px;}}@media (max-width:544px){.site-title{display:block;}.ast-archive-description .ast-archive-title{font-size:40px;}.site-header .site-description{display:block;}.entry-title{font-size:30px;}h1,.entry-content h1{font-size:30px;}h2,.entry-content h2{font-size:25px;}h3,.entry-content h3{font-size:20px;}.ast-single-post .entry-title,.page-title{font-size:30px;}}@media (max-width:921px){html{font-size:85.5%;}}@media (max-width:544px){html{font-size:85.5%;}}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-container{max-width:1240px;}}@font-face {font-family: "Astra";src: url(https://www.alphaprod.co/wp-content/themes/astra/assets/fonts/astra.woff) format("woff"),url(https://www.alphaprod.co/wp-content/themes/astra/assets/fonts/astra.ttf) format("truetype"),url(https://www.alphaprod.co/wp-content/themes/astra/assets/fonts/astra.svg#astra) format("svg");font-weight: normal;font-style: normal;font-display: fallback;}@media (max-width:921px) {.main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation{display:none;}}.ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{border-color:#0170B9;}.ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .sub-menu{border-top-width:2px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-style:solid;}.ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .sub-menu .sub-menu{top:-2px;}.ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .sub-menu .menu-link,.ast-desktop .main-header-menu.submenu-with-border .children .menu-link{border-bottom-width:0px;border-style:solid;border-color:#eaeaea;}@media (min-width:922px){.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.ast-left-align-sub-menu:hover > .sub-menu,.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.ast-left-align-sub-menu.focus > .sub-menu{margin-left:-0px;}}.ast-small-footer{border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:1px;border-top-color:#7a7a7a;}.ast-small-footer-wrap{text-align:center;}.ast-header-break-point.ast-header-custom-item-inside .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .ast-search-icon {display: none;}.ast-header-break-point.ast-header-custom-item-inside .main-header-bar .ast-search-menu-icon .search-form {padding: 0;display: block;overflow: hidden;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-header-custom-item .widget:last-child {margin-bottom: 1em;}.ast-header-custom-item .widget {margin: 0.5em;display: inline-block;vertical-align: middle;}.ast-header-custom-item .widget p {margin-bottom: 0;}.ast-header-custom-item .widget li {width: auto;}.ast-header-custom-item-inside .button-custom-menu-item .menu-link {display: none;}.ast-header-custom-item-inside.ast-header-break-point .button-custom-menu-item .ast-custom-button-link {display: none;}.ast-header-custom-item-inside.ast-header-break-point .button-custom-menu-item .menu-link {display: block;}.ast-header-break-point.ast-header-custom-item-outside .main-header-bar .ast-search-icon {margin-right: 1em;}.ast-header-break-point.ast-header-custom-item-inside .main-header-bar .ast-search-menu-icon .search-field,.ast-header-break-point.ast-header-custom-item-inside .main-header-bar .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-inline-search .search-field {width: 100%;padding-right: 5.5em;}.ast-header-break-point.ast-header-custom-item-inside .main-header-bar .ast-search-menu-icon .search-submit {display: block;position: absolute;height: 100%;top: 0;right: 0;padding: 0 1em;border-radius: 0;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-header-custom-item .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items {padding-left: 20px;padding-right: 20px;margin-bottom: 1em;margin-top: 1em;}.ast-header-custom-item-inside.ast-header-break-point .button-custom-menu-item {padding-left: 0;padding-right: 0;margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: 0;}.astra-icon-down_arrow::after {content: "\e900";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-close::after {content: "\e5cd";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-drag_handle::after {content: "\e25d";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-format_align_justify::after {content: "\e235";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-menu::after {content: "\e5d2";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-reorder::after {content: "\e8fe";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-search::after {content: "\e8b6";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-zoom_in::after {content: "\e56b";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-check-circle::after {content: "\e901";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-shopping-cart::after {content: "\f07a";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-shopping-bag::after {content: "\f290";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-shopping-basket::after {content: "\f291";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-circle-o::after {content: "\e903";font-family: Astra;}.astra-icon-certificate::after {content: "\e902";font-family: Astra;}.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-browse,.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items,.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items li{display:inline-block;margin:0;padding:0;border:none;background:inherit;text-indent:0;}.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-browse{font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;color:inherit;}.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items{list-style:none;}.trail-items li::after{padding:0 0.3em;content:"\00bb";}.trail-items li:last-of-type::after{display:none;}.elementor-template-full-width .ast-container{display:block;}@media (max-width:544px){.elementor-element .elementor-wc-products .woocommerce[class*="columns-"] ul.products li.product{width:auto;margin:0;}.elementor-element .woocommerce .woocommerce-result-count{float:none;}}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar{border-bottom-width:1px;}@media (min-width:922px){.main-header-bar{border-bottom-width:1px;}}@media (min-width:922px){#primary{width:70%;}#secondary{width:30%;}}.ast-safari-browser-less-than-11 .main-header-menu .menu-item, .ast-safari-browser-less-than-11 .main-header-bar .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items{display:block;}.main-header-menu .menu-item, #astra-footer-menu .menu-item, .main-header-bar .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items{-js-display:flex;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-moz-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-moz-box-orient:vertical;-moz-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}.main-header-menu > .menu-item > .menu-link, #astra-footer-menu > .menu-item > .menu-link,{height:100%;-webkit-box-align:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-moz-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-js-display:flex;display:flex;}.ast-primary-menu-disabled .main-header-bar .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items{flex:unset;}.main-header-menu .sub-menu .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .menu-link:after{position:absolute;right:1em;top:50%;transform:translate(0,-50%) rotate(270deg);}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .page_item_has_children > .ast-menu-toggle::before, .ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle::before, .ast-mobile-popup-drawer .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children>.ast-menu-toggle::before, .ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle::before{font-weight:bold;content:"\e900";font-family:Astra;text-decoration:inherit;display:inline-block;}.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation ul.sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link:before{content:"\e900";font-family:Astra;font-size:.65em;text-decoration:inherit;display:inline-block;transform:translate(0, -2px) rotateZ(270deg);margin-right:5px;}.widget_search .search-form:after{font-family:Astra;font-size:1.2em;font-weight:normal;content:"\e8b6";position:absolute;top:50%;right:15px;transform:translate(0, -50%);}.astra-search-icon::before{content:"\e8b6";font-family:Astra;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:inherit;text-align:center;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;}.main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .page_item_has_children > a:after, .main-header-bar .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children > a:after, .site-header-focus-item .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .menu-link:after{content:"\e900";display:inline-block;font-family:Astra;font-size:.6rem;font-weight:bold;text-rendering:auto;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;margin-left:10px;line-height:normal;}.ast-mobile-popup-drawer .main-header-bar-navigation .ast-submenu-expanded>.ast-menu-toggle::before{transform:rotateX(180deg);}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .menu-link:after{display:none;}.comment-reply-title{font-size:24px;font-size:1.6rem;}.ast-comment-meta{line-height:1.666666667;color:#0170B9;font-size:12px;font-size:0.8rem;}.ast-comment-list #cancel-comment-reply-link{font-size:15px;font-size:1rem;}.comments-count-wrapper {padding: 2em 0;}.comments-count-wrapper .comments-title {font-weight: normal;word-wrap: break-word;}.ast-comment-list {margin: 0;word-wrap: break-word;padding-bottom: 0.5em;list-style: none;}.ast-comment-list li {list-style: none;}.ast-comment-list li.depth-1 .ast-comment,.ast-comment-list li.depth-2 .ast-comment {border-bottom: 1px solid #eeeeee;}.ast-comment-list .comment-respond {padding: 1em 0;border-bottom: 1px solid #eeeeee;}.ast-comment-list .comment-respond .comment-reply-title {margin-top: 0;padding-top: 0;}.ast-comment-list .comment-respond p {margin-bottom: .5em;}.ast-comment-list .ast-comment-edit-reply-wrap {-js-display: flex;display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;}.ast-comment-list .ast-edit-link {flex: 1;}.ast-comment-list .comment-awaiting-moderation {margin-bottom: 0;}.ast-comment {padding: 1em 0;}.ast-comment-avatar-wrap img {border-radius: 50%;}.ast-comment-content {clear: both;}.ast-comment-cite-wrap {text-align: left;}.ast-comment-cite-wrap cite {font-style: normal;}.comment-reply-title {padding-top: 1em;font-weight: normal;line-height: 1.65;}.ast-comment-meta {margin-bottom: 0.5em;}.comments-area {border-top: 1px solid #eeeeee;margin-top: 2em;}.comments-area .comment-form-comment {width: 100%;border: none;margin: 0;padding: 0;}.comments-area .comment-notes,.comments-area .comment-textarea,.comments-area .form-allowed-tags {margin-bottom: 1.5em;}.comments-area .form-submit {margin-bottom: 0;}.comments-area textarea#comment,.comments-area .ast-comment-formwrap input[type="text"] {width: 100%;border-radius: 0;vertical-align: middle;margin-bottom: 10px;}.comments-area .no-comments {margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}.comments-area p.logged-in-as {margin-bottom: 1em;}.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper {background-color: #fff;padding: 2em 6.67em 0;}@media (max-width: 1200px) {.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper {padding: 2em 3.34em;}}.ast-separate-container .comments-area {border-top: 0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list {padding-bottom: 0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li {background-color: #fff;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1 {padding: 4em 6.67em;margin-bottom: 2em;}@media (max-width: 1200px) {.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1 {padding: 3em 3.34em;}}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1 .children li {padding-bottom: 0;padding-top: 0;margin-bottom: 0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1 .ast-comment,.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-2 .ast-comment {border-bottom: 0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .comment-respond {padding-top: 0;padding-bottom: 1em;background-color: transparent;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .pingback p {margin-bottom: 0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor {padding: 2em;margin-bottom: 1em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor li {background: transparent;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0 0 0 2em;}.ast-separate-container .comment-respond {background-color: #fff;padding: 4em 6.67em;border-bottom: 0;} @media (max-width: 1200px) { .ast-separate-container .comment-respond { padding: 3em 2.34em; } }.ast-separate-container .comment-reply-title {padding-top: 0;}.comment-content a {word-wrap: break-word;}.ast-comment-list .children {margin-left: 2em;}@media (max-width: 992px) {.ast-comment-list .children {margin-left: 1em;}}.ast-comment-list #cancel-comment-reply-link {white-space: nowrap;font-size: 15px;font-size: 1rem;margin-left: 1em;}.ast-comment-avatar-wrap {float: left;clear: right;margin-right: 1.33333em;}.ast-comment-meta-wrap {float: left;clear: right;padding: 0 0 1.33333em;}.ast-comment-time .timendate,.ast-comment-time .reply {margin-right: 0.5em;}.comments-area #wp-comment-cookies-consent {margin-right: 10px;}.ast-page-builder-template .comments-area {padding-left: 20px;padding-right: 20px;margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: 2em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor .bypostauthor {background: transparent;margin-bottom: 0;padding-right: 0;padding-bottom: 0;padding-top: 0;}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li .comment-respond{padding-left:2.66666em;padding-right:2.66666em;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper{padding:1.5em 1em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1{padding:1.5em 1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor{padding:.5em;}.ast-separate-container .comment-respond{padding:1.5em 1em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor li{padding:0 0 0 .5em;}.ast-comment-list .children{margin-left:0.66666em;}}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-comment-avatar-wrap img{max-width:2.5em;}.comments-area{margin-top:1.5em;}.ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper{padding:2em 2.14em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1{padding:1.5em 2.14em;}.ast-separate-container .comment-respond{padding:2em 2.14em;}}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-comment-avatar-wrap{margin-right:0.5em;}}
How Did Molly Malone Cook Die, Articles E